Revisiting Higher Education in Malaysia: Policy, Quality, and Student Outcomes

Abstract

This paper revisits Malaysia’s higher education system through the lenses of policy, quality assurance, and student outcomes. Over the last two decades, Malaysia has transitioned from a developing tertiary sector to a diversified system encompassing public, private, and transnational institutions. Government initiatives such as the Malaysia Education Blueprint 2015–2025 (Higher Education) have sought to enhance access, equity, and global competitiveness. Yet, persistent gaps remain between policy intentions and educational realities—particularly in graduate employability, quality disparity, and inclusivity. Using a qualitative research design supported by document analysis and semi-structured interviews, this study synthesizes evidence from national policies, accreditation reports, and student perspectives. Findings reveal that while quality assurance mechanisms—led by the Malaysian Qualifications Agency (MQA)—have institutionalized accountability, they have not consistently translated into improved learning outcomes. Many universities continue to emphasize compliance rather than innovation, resulting in limited pedagogical renewal. Moreover, socio-economic disparities and uneven digital access continue to shape student success and employability trajectories. The paper concludes that Malaysia’s higher education transformation requires renewed emphasis on evidence-based policymaking, adaptive governance, and learner-centred reform. By linking policy frameworks with lived student experiences, the research contributes to a deeper understanding of how quality and policy coherence can enhance higher education outcomes in emerging economies.