Evaluation of Antibacterial Properties of Citrus amblycarpa (Hassk.) Ochse Peel Extract
Bilah Samping Artikel
Isi Artikel Utama
Abstrak
Limau (Citrus amblycarpa (Hassk.) Ochse) has traditionally been utilized in Balinese medicine for its therapeutic properties. Its peel contains bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins that have been associated with antioxidant and antibacterial activities. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial potential of sequential extracts of C. amblycarpa peel against four pathogenic bacteria. Dried peel powder was sequentially extracted using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water for 72 hours. Each fraction was concentrated with rotary evaporation at 50 °C. The antibacterial activity was assessed by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that none of the extracts demonstrated inhibitory activity against the tested bacteria. This absence of activity may be related to the loss of volatile antibacterial compounds during the drying process of the plant material. In conclusion, sequential extract of C. amblycarpa peel exhibited no detectable antibacterial effect against common pathogenic bacteria. Despite the negative findings, this study provides baseline data for future investigations, contributes to the scientific understanding of local herbal resources, and emphasizes the importance of optimizing extraction methods to preserve bioactive compound for the development of herbal based antimicrobials.
Rincian Artikel
Artikel ini berlisensiCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Referensi
Anggraeny, Y. N., Setiasih, S., Puspito, S., Widodo, S., Wardi, W., Prihandini, P. W., Antonius, A., Istiqomah, N., Haryanto, B., Kurniawati, A., Muhlisin, M., Prihartini, I., Ramsiati, D. T., Wulansari, W. I., & Indriatie, R. (2024) Profile of secondary metabolites of Citrus hystrix DC from several solvents and its potential as an antibacterial substance, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1292(1) Available at: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1292/1/012018
Ecevit, K., Barros, A. A., Silva, J. M., & Reis, R. L. (2022) Preventing microbial infections with natural phenolic compounds, Future Pharmacology, 2(4), 460–498 Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/futurepharmacol2040030
Gaziano, R., Campione, E., Iacovelli, F., Pistoia, E. S., Marino, D., Milani, M., Di Francesco, P., Pica, F., Bianchi, L., Orlandi, A., Marsico, S., Falconi, M., & Aquaro, S. (2019) Antimicrobial properties of the medicinal plant Cardiospermum halicacabum L: New evidence and future perspectives, European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 23, 7135–7143 Available at: https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_201908_18759
Gómez-Mejía, E., Sacristán, I., Rosales-Conrado, N., León-González, M. E., & Madrid, Y. (2023) Valorization of Citrus reticulata Blanco peels to produce enriched wheat bread: Phenolic bioaccessibility and antioxidant potential, Antioxidants, 12(9) Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091742
Kusumawati, I. G. A., Putra, I. M. W., & Yogeswara, I. B. A. (2020) Identifikasi komponen flavonoid ekstrak kulit limau (Citrus amblycarpa (Hassk.) Ochse) menggunakan thin layer chromatography, Seminar Ilmiah Nasional Teknologi, Sains, dan Sosial Humaniora (SINTESA), November, 117–122
Kusumawati, I. G. A. W., & Yogeswara, I. B. A. (2016) Antioxidant and antibacterial capacity of loloh sembung (Blumea balsamifera) based on extraction method, Majalah Obat Tradisional, 21(3), 143–148 Available at: https://doi.org/10.22146/tradmedj.17318
Nalin Pagi, D. D., & Payal Patel, H. J. (2017) Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller), International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 6(3), 2152–2162 Available at: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.603.246
Nascimento, G. G. F., Locatelli, J., Freitas, P. C., & Silva, G. L. (2000) Antibacterial activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals on antibiotic-resistant bacteria, Brazilian Journal of Microbiology
Navarrete-Carriola, D. V., Paz-González, A. D., Vázquez-Jiménez, L. K., De Luna-Santillana, E., Cruz-Hernández, M. A., Bandyopadhyay, D., & Rivera, G. (2024) Comparative analysis of a secondary metabolite profile from roots and leaves of Iostephane heterophylla by UPLC-MS and GC-MS, ACS Omega, 9(5), 5429–5439 Available at: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c06800
Nawaz, H., Shad, M. A., Rehman, N., Andaleeb, H., & Ullah, N. (2020) Effect of solvent polarity on extraction yield and antioxidant properties of phytochemicals from bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seeds, Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 56 Available at: https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902019000417129
Oikeh, E. I., Oviasogie, F. E., & Omoregie, E. S. (2020) Quantitative phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activities of fresh and dry ethanol extracts of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck peels, Clinical Phytoscience, 6(1) Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-020-00193-w
Shahraki, S. H., Javar, F. M., & Rahimi, M. (2023) Quantitative and qualitative phytochemical analysis of Manilkara zapota (sapodilla) extract and its antibacterial activity on some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, Scientifica, 2023 Available at: https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5967638
Sweidan, N., Rayyan, W. A., Mahmoud, I., & Ali, L. (2023) Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of Jordanian pomegranate peels, PLoS ONE, 18(11 November) Available at: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295129
Wado, T. E., Suleman, S., & Mohammed, T. (2022) Antimicrobial evaluation of sequentially extracted leaf of Vernonia auriculifera Hiern (Rejicho), BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 22(1) Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-022-03690-2